The Positive Obligations of Member States on the Right to Life under the Scope of ECHR
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2018
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Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi'nin hemen hemen her kararında belirtildiği üzere, temel hak ve özgürlüklerin korunması için devletlerin bu hak ve özgürlüklere dokunmama şeklinde negatif yükümlülükleri bulunmaktadır. Bunun yanında, devletlerin bu hak ve özgürlüklerin etkin bir şekilde korunmasını sağlayacak pozitif yükümlülükleri de vardır. Pozitif yükümlülükler Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi'nde doğrudan düzenlenmese de Mahkeme, bu yükümlülükleri Sözleşme'nin başlangıç metni, 1. maddesi, 13. maddesi ile temel hak ve özgürlükleri düzenleyen maddelerden türetmektedir. Mahkeme, yapılan başvurularda, taraf devletlerin pozitif yükümlülüklerine ilişkin değerlendirmeler yapmakta; ancak bu yükümlülüğü kesin olarak tanımlamaktan kaçmaktadır. Pozitif yükümlülük kavramının içinin bu şekilde kesin olarak doldurulmaması oldukça doğaldır; çünkü bu şekilde kesin bir tanımlama ile pozitif yükümlülüklerin günün gereklerine göre genişletilmesinin ya da değiştirilmesinin engelleneceği kabul edilmektedir. Yaşama hakkı, Sözleşme'ye hâkim temel ilkelerin düzenlendiği yerde öngörülmüş olup, niteliği gereği en temel ve diğer temel hak ve özgürlüklerin gerçekleştirilmesi için ön koşul niteliğinde bir haktır. Dolayısıyla, doktrinde Sözleşme'de yer alan diğer temel hak ve özgürlükler açısından etkili bir genel hukuk ilkesi olarak da kabul edilmektedir. Yaşama hakkının bu denli önemli olması nedeniyle Mahkeme, bu hakka ilişkin yapılan başvuruları büyük bir titizlikle incelemektedir. Mahkeme, yaşama hakkı ile ilgili pozitif yükümlülükleri Sözleşme'nin yaşama hakkını düzenleyen 2. maddesinin ilk paragrafındaki 'Herkesin yaşama hakkı yasayla korunur' hükmünden türetmektedir. Bu hüküm ile devlet, bireylerin yaşamını koruma yükümlülüğü altına girmektedir. Bu bağlamda Mahkeme, yaşama hakkının nasıl korunması gerektiğine ilişkin genel bir formül vermemekte, belirdiği ilkeleri her bir olay için ayrı ayrı değerlendirmektedir. Bu durum ise yaşama hakkına ilişkin pozitif yükümlülüklerin kapsamını gün geçtikçe genişletmekte ve günün koşullarına uygun olarak yeni yükümlülükler öngörülmesine imkân vermektedir.
As it has been stated in almost every decision of European Court of Human Rights, for the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms, there are negative obligations for states not to interfere with these fundamental rights and freedoms. Besides, states are also under the positive obligations to ensure the efficient protection of such rights and freedoms. Even though these positive obligations are not stipulated directly under the European Convention on Human Rights, the Court derives these obligations from the Convention's preamble, Article 1 and Article 13, as well as the articles regarding the fundamental rights and freedoms. While examining the applications that are made, the Court has been making evaluations with regard to the positive obligations of states, however refraining from providing a precise definition of this obligation. It is quite natural that the core of the concept of positive obligation is not filled in such precise way, as it has been accepted that such precise definition prevents the expansion or amendment of the positive obligations according the necessities of the time. Right to life has been stipulated under the section where the basic principles prevailing the Convention have been arranged and due to its characteristic, it is a right that is the most fundamental and that is a prerequisite for the realization of other fundamental rights and freedoms. Hence, in the doctrine, it has been accepted as a general principle of law that is effective with regard to other fundamental rights and freedoms stipulated under the Convention. Due to the high significance of the right to life, the Court examines the applications regarding this right very meticulously. The Court has derived the positive obligations regarding the right to life from the provision 'Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law' in the first paragraph of Article 2 stipulating right to life. Due to this provision, the state is under the obligation to protect the individuals' right to life. In this sense, the Court does not provide a general formula on how to protect the right to life, instead, it evaluates the principles that it has established separately for each case. This gradually extends the scope of the positive obligations regarding right to life and allows the stipulation of new obligations in accordance with conditions of the day.
As it has been stated in almost every decision of European Court of Human Rights, for the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms, there are negative obligations for states not to interfere with these fundamental rights and freedoms. Besides, states are also under the positive obligations to ensure the efficient protection of such rights and freedoms. Even though these positive obligations are not stipulated directly under the European Convention on Human Rights, the Court derives these obligations from the Convention's preamble, Article 1 and Article 13, as well as the articles regarding the fundamental rights and freedoms. While examining the applications that are made, the Court has been making evaluations with regard to the positive obligations of states, however refraining from providing a precise definition of this obligation. It is quite natural that the core of the concept of positive obligation is not filled in such precise way, as it has been accepted that such precise definition prevents the expansion or amendment of the positive obligations according the necessities of the time. Right to life has been stipulated under the section where the basic principles prevailing the Convention have been arranged and due to its characteristic, it is a right that is the most fundamental and that is a prerequisite for the realization of other fundamental rights and freedoms. Hence, in the doctrine, it has been accepted as a general principle of law that is effective with regard to other fundamental rights and freedoms stipulated under the Convention. Due to the high significance of the right to life, the Court examines the applications regarding this right very meticulously. The Court has derived the positive obligations regarding the right to life from the provision 'Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law' in the first paragraph of Article 2 stipulating right to life. Due to this provision, the state is under the obligation to protect the individuals' right to life. In this sense, the Court does not provide a general formula on how to protect the right to life, instead, it evaluates the principles that it has established separately for each case. This gradually extends the scope of the positive obligations regarding right to life and allows the stipulation of new obligations in accordance with conditions of the day.
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Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, LAW, Hukuk, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi, Positive Obligation, Temel Haklar, European Court Human Rights, Temel Özgürlükler, Fundamental Freedoms, Yaşama Hakkı, Right to Life, Pozitif Yükümlülük, European Convontion on Human Rights, Fundamental Rights
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