Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries

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dc.contributor.author Marta Kowal
dc.contributor.author Piotr Sorokowski
dc.contributor.author Katarzyna Pisanski
dc.contributor.author Jaroslava V. Valentova
dc.contributor.author Marco A. C. Varella
dc.contributor.author David A. Frederick
dc.contributor.author Laith Al-Shawaf
dc.contributor.author Felipe E. Garcia
dc.contributor.author Isabella Giammusso
dc.contributor.author Biljana Gjoneska
dc.contributor.author Luca Kozma
dc.contributor.author Tobias Otterbring
dc.contributor.author Marietta Papadatou-Pastou
dc.contributor.author Gerit Pfuhl
dc.contributor.author Sabrina Stockli
dc.contributor.author Anna Studzinska
dc.contributor.author Ezgi Toplu-Demirtas
dc.contributor.author Anna K. Touloumakos
dc.contributor.author Bence E. Bakos
dc.contributor.author Carlota Batres
dc.contributor.author Solenne Bonneterre
dc.contributor.author Johanna Czamanski-Cohen
dc.contributor.author Jovi C. Dacanay
dc.contributor.author Eliane Deschrijver
dc.contributor.author Maryanne L. Fisher
dc.contributor.author Caterina Grano
dc.contributor.author Dmitry Grigoryev
dc.contributor.author Pavol Kacmar
dc.contributor.author Mikhail V. Kozlov
dc.contributor.author Efisio Manunta
dc.contributor.author Karlijn Massar
dc.contributor.author Joseph P. McFall
dc.contributor.author Moises Mebarak
dc.contributor.author Maria Rosa Miccoli
dc.contributor.author Taciano L. Milfont
dc.contributor.author Pavol Prokop
dc.contributor.author Toivo Aavik
dc.contributor.author Patricia Arriaga
dc.contributor.author Roberto Baiocco
dc.contributor.author Jiri Cenek
dc.contributor.author Hakan Cetinkaya
dc.contributor.author Izzet Duyar
dc.contributor.author Farida Guemaz
dc.contributor.author Tatsunori Ishii
dc.contributor.author Julia A. Kamburidis
dc.contributor.author Hareesol Khun-Inkeeree
dc.contributor.author Linda H. Lidborg
dc.contributor.author Hagar Manor
dc.contributor.author Ravit Nussinson
dc.contributor.author Mohd Sofian B. Omar-Fauzee
dc.contributor.author Farid Pazhoohi
dc.contributor.author Koen Ponnet
dc.contributor.author Anabela Caetano Santos
dc.contributor.author Oksana Senyk
dc.contributor.author Ognen Spasovski
dc.contributor.author Mona Vintila
dc.contributor.author Austin H. Wang
dc.contributor.author Gyesook Yoo
dc.contributor.author Oulmann Zerhouni
dc.contributor.author Rizwana Amin
dc.contributor.author Sibele Aquino
dc.contributor.author Merve Boga
dc.contributor.author Mahmoud Boussena
dc.contributor.author Ali R. Can
dc.contributor.author Seda Can
dc.contributor.author Rita Castro
dc.contributor.author Antonio Chirumbolo
dc.contributor.author Ogeday Coker
dc.contributor.author Clement Cornec
dc.contributor.author Seda Dural
dc.contributor.author Stephanie J. Eder
dc.contributor.author Nasim Ghahraman Moharrampour
dc.contributor.author Simone Grassini
dc.contributor.author Evgeniya Hristova
dc.contributor.author Gozde Ikizer
dc.contributor.author Nicolas Kervyn
dc.contributor.author Mehmet Koyuncu
dc.contributor.author Yoshihiko Kunisato
dc.contributor.author Samuel Lins
dc.contributor.author Tetyana Mandzyk
dc.contributor.author Silvia Mari
dc.contributor.author Alan D. A. Mattiassi
dc.contributor.author Aybegum Memisoglu-Sanli
dc.contributor.author Mara Morelli
dc.contributor.author Felipe C. Novaes
dc.contributor.author Miriam Parise
dc.contributor.author Irena Pavela Banai
dc.contributor.author Mariia Perun
dc.contributor.author Nejc Plohl
dc.contributor.author Fatima Zahra Sahli
dc.contributor.author Dusana Sakan
dc.contributor.author Sanja Smojver-Azic
dc.contributor.author Caglar Solak
dc.contributor.author Sinem Soylemez
dc.contributor.author Asako Toyama
dc.contributor.author Anna Wlodarczyk
dc.contributor.author Yuki Yamada
dc.contributor.author Beatriz Abad-Villaverde
dc.contributor.author Reza Afhami
dc.contributor.author Grace Akello
dc.contributor.author Nael H. Alami
dc.contributor.author Leyla Alma
dc.contributor.author Marios Argyrides
dc.contributor.author Derya Atamturk Atamturk
dc.contributor.author Nana Burduli
dc.contributor.author Sayra Cardona
dc.contributor.author Joao Carneiro
dc.contributor.author Andrea Castaneda
dc.contributor.author Izabela Chalatkiewicz
dc.contributor.author William J. Chopik
dc.contributor.author Dimitri Chubinidze
dc.contributor.author Daniel Conroy-Beam
dc.contributor.author Jorge Contreras-Garduno
dc.contributor.author Diana Ribeiro da Silva
dc.contributor.author Yahya B. Don
dc.contributor.author Silvia Donato
dc.contributor.author Dmitrii Dubrov
dc.contributor.author Michaela Durackova
dc.contributor.author Sanjana Dutt
dc.contributor.author Samuel O. Ebimgbo
dc.contributor.author Ignacio Estevan
dc.contributor.author Edgardo Etchezahar
dc.contributor.author Peter Fedor
dc.contributor.author Feten Fekih-Romdhane
dc.contributor.author Tomasz Frackowiak
dc.contributor.author Katarzyna Galasinska
dc.contributor.author Lukasz Gargula
dc.contributor.author Benjamin Gelbart
dc.contributor.author Talia Gomez Yepes
dc.contributor.author Brahim Hamdaoui
dc.contributor.author Ivana Hromatko
dc.contributor.author Salome N. Itibi
dc.contributor.author Luna Jaforte
dc.contributor.author Steve M. J. Janssen
dc.contributor.author Marija Jovic
dc.contributor.author Kevin S. Kertechian
dc.contributor.author Farah Khan
dc.contributor.author Aleksander Kobylarek
dc.contributor.author Maida Koso-Drljevic
dc.contributor.author Anna Krasnodebska
dc.contributor.author Valerija Krizanic
dc.contributor.author Miguel Landa-Blanco
dc.contributor.author Alvaro Mailhos
dc.contributor.author Tiago Marot
dc.contributor.author Tamara Martinac Dorcic
dc.contributor.author Martha Martinez-Banfi
dc.contributor.author Mat Rahimi Yusof
dc.contributor.author Marlon Mayorga-Lascano
dc.contributor.author Vita Mikuliciute
dc.contributor.author Katarina Misetic
dc.contributor.author Bojan Musil
dc.contributor.author Arooj Najmussaqib
dc.contributor.author Kavitha Nalla Muthu
dc.contributor.author Jean C. Natividade
dc.contributor.author Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe
dc.contributor.author Ellen K. Nyhus
dc.contributor.author Elisabeth Oberzaucher
dc.contributor.author Salma S. Omar
dc.contributor.author Franciszek Ostaszewski
dc.contributor.author Ma Criselda T. Pacquing
dc.contributor.author Ariela F. Pagani
dc.contributor.author Ju Hee Park
dc.contributor.author Ekaterine Pirtskhalava
dc.contributor.author Ulf-Dietrich Reips
dc.contributor.author Marc Eric S. Reyes
dc.contributor.author Jan P. Roer
dc.contributor.author Aysegul Sahin
dc.contributor.author Adil Samekin
dc.contributor.author Ruta Sargautyte
dc.contributor.author Tatiana Semenovskikh
dc.contributor.author Henrik Siepelmeyer
dc.contributor.author Sangeeta Singh
dc.contributor.author Alicja Soltys
dc.contributor.author Agnieszka Sorokowska
dc.contributor.author Rodrigo Soto-Lopez
dc.contributor.author Liliya Sultanova
dc.contributor.author William Tamayo-Agudelo
dc.contributor.author Chee-Seng Tan
dc.contributor.author Gulmira T. Topanova
dc.contributor.author Merve Topcu Bulut
dc.contributor.author Bastien Tremoliere
dc.contributor.author Singha Tulyakul
dc.contributor.author Belguzar N. Turkan
dc.contributor.author Arkadiusz Urbanek
dc.contributor.author Tatiana Volkodav
dc.contributor.author Kathryn V. Walter
dc.contributor.author Mohd Faiz Mohd Yaakob
dc.contributor.author Marcos Zumarraga-Espinosa
dc.contributor.author Frederick, David A.
dc.contributor.author Kowal, Marta
dc.contributor.author Varella, Marco A.C.
dc.contributor.author Zumárraga-Espinosa, Marcos
dc.contributor.author Valentova, Jaroslava V.
dc.contributor.author Pisanski, Katarzyna
dc.contributor.author Sorokowski, Piotr
dc.date NOV
dc.date.accessioned 2025-10-06T16:23:40Z
dc.date.issued 2022
dc.description.abstract People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics hair grooming clothing style caring for body hygiene and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness are universal. Indeed 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day on average) than by men (3.6 h a day) by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions also the oldest) by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors in order of effect size included adhering to traditional gender roles residing in countries with less gender equality considering oneself as highly attractive or conversely highly unattractive TV watching time higher socioeconomic status right-wing political beliefs a lower level of education and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives.
dc.description.sponsorship This work is the result of the research project funded by the National Science Center, Poland (2019/33/N/HS6/00054). Dmitry Grigoryev was supported by the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University). Dmitrii Dubrov was supported by the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF. Patricia Arriaga was supported by the FCT through funds from the research center UID/PSI/03125/2021. Anabela C. Santos was supported by the FCT through funds from a PhD grant SFRH/BD/126304/2016. Kavitha Nalla Muthu and Chee-Seng Tan were supported by the UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award 2019 -CAP (6401/0019) from the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
dc.description.sponsorship Dmitrii Dubrov was supported by the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF.
dc.description.sponsorship National Science Center, Poland [2019/33/N/HS6/00054]; Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University); Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF; FCT [UID/PSI/03125/2021, SFRH/BD/126304/2016]; UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman [2019 -CAP (6401/0019)]; Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [20H04581] Funding Source: KAKEN
dc.description.sponsorship This work is the result of the research project funded by the National Science Center, Poland (2019/33/N/HS6/00054).
dc.description.sponsorship The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article:, This work is the result of the research project funded by the National Science Center, Poland (2019/33/N/HS6/00054). Dmitry Grigoryev was supported by the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University). Dmitrii Dubrov was supported by the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF. Patrícia Arriaga was supported by the FCT through funds from the research center UID/PSI/03125/2021. Anabela C. Santos was supported by the FCT through funds from a PhD grant SFRH/BD/126304/2016. Kavitha Nalla Muthu and Chee-Seng Tan were supported by the UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award 2019 – CAP (6401/0019) from the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. The authors would like to thank the following scholars for their help with the translation: Christin-Melanie Vauclair Melanie, Cátia Carvalho, Diogo Lamela, Elena Piccinelli, and Isabel Pinto (Portuguese), Stanislava Stoyanova (Bulgarian), Vira Hrabchuk and Anne MacFarlane (Ukrainian). The authors would also like to thank the following organizations and individuals for their help with organizing data collection in El Salvador: the Escuela de Comunicación Mónica Herrera, Directora Nicole Paetz, asistente María Erlinda Ávalos, Diego Infante, and Gabriela Quintanilla.
dc.description.sponsorship Kavitha Nalla Muthu and Chee-Seng Tan were supported by the UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award 2019 – CAP (6401/0019) from the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
dc.description.sponsorship Patrícia Arriaga was supported by the FCT through funds from the research center UID/PSI/03125/2021. Anabela C. Santos was supported by the FCT through funds from a PhD grant SFRH/BD/126304/2016.
dc.description.sponsorship Stanislava Stoyanova; National Research University Higher School of Economics, ВШЭ; Vira Hrabchuk and Anne MacFarlane; Narodowe Centrum Nauki, NCN, (2019/33/N/HS6/00054); Narodowe Centrum Nauki, NCN; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT, (UID/PSI/03125/2021, SFRH/BD/126304/2016); Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS, (20H04581); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, UTAR, (6401/0019); Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, UTAR
dc.identifier.doi 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.08.003
dc.identifier.issn 1090-5138
dc.identifier.issn 1879-0607
dc.identifier.scopus 2-s2.0-85137282665
dc.identifier.uri http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.08.003
dc.identifier.uri https://gcris.yasar.edu.tr/handle/123456789/7949
dc.identifier.uri https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.08.003
dc.language.iso English
dc.publisher ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
dc.relation.ispartof Evolution and Human Behavior
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.source EVOLUTION AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
dc.subject Evolutionary theory, Mating market perspective, Pathogen stress, Appearance, Self-modification, Social media usage
dc.subject SOCIAL MEDIA USE, WOMENS BODY-IMAGE, SEX-DIFFERENCES, OBJECTIFICATION THEORY, MATE PREFERENCES, EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE, FACIAL ATTRACTIVENESS, SELF-OBJECTIFICATION, PERSONAL ORNAMENTS, GENDER-ROLE
dc.subject Social Media Usage
dc.subject Self-modification
dc.subject Appearance
dc.subject Pathogen Stress
dc.subject Evolutionary Theory
dc.subject Mating Market Perspective
dc.title Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries
dc.type Article
dspace.entity.type Publication
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gdc.coar.type text::journal::journal article
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gdc.description.department
gdc.description.departmenttemp [Kowal, Marta; Sorokowski, Piotr; Pisanski, Katarzyna; Frackowiak, Tomasz; Gargula, Lukasz; Kobylarek, Aleksander; Soltys, Alicja; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Urbanek, Arkadiusz] Univ Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland; [Pisanski, Katarzyna; Cornec, Clement] Univ Jean Monnet St Etienne, ENES Bioacoust Res Lab, St Etienne, France; [Pisanski, Katarzyna] Univ Lyon 2, DDL Language Dynam Lab, Lyon, France; [Valentova, Jaroslava V.; Varella, Marco A. C.] Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; [Frederick, David A.] Chapman Univ, Orange, CA USA; [Al-Shawaf, Laith] Univ Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA; [Garcia, Felipe E.] Univ Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; [Giammusso, Isabella; Jaforte, Luna] Univ Palermo, Palermo, Italy; [Gjoneska, Biljana] Macedonian Acad Sci & Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia; [Kozma, Luca] Univ Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; [Kozma, Luca] Univ West Scotland, Paisley, Renfrew, Scotland; [Otterbring, Tobias; Nyhus, Ellen K.; Siepelmeyer, Henrik; Singh, Sangeeta] Univ Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; [Otterbring, Tobias] Inst Retail Econ, Stockholm, Sweden; [Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta] Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Athens, Greece; [Pfuhl, Gerit] UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Tromso, Norway; [Stockli, Sabrina] Univ Bern, Bern, Switzerland; [Studzinska, Anna] Icam, Toulouse, France; [Toplu-Demirtas, Ezgi] Mef Univ, Istanbul, Turkey; [Touloumakos, Anna K.] Panteion Univ Social & Polit Sci, Athens, Greece; [Touloumakos, Anna K.] Univ Oxford, Oxford, England; [Bakos, Bence E.] Elte, Budapest, Hungary; [Batres, Carlota] Franklin & Marshall Coll, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA; [Bonneterre, Solenne; Zerhouni, Oulmann] Univ Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France; [Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna; Nussinson, Ravit] Univ Haifa, Haifa, Israel; [Dacanay, Jovi C.] Univ Asia & Pacific, Pasig 1605, Philippines; [Ponnet, Koen] Imec Mict Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium; [Deschrijver, Eliane] Univ New South Wales UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; [Fisher, Maryanne L.] St Marys Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada; [Grano, Caterina; Baiocco, Roberto; Chirumbolo, Antonio; Morelli, Mara] Sapienza Univ Rome, Rome, Italy; [Grigoryev, Dmitry; Dubrov, Dmitrii] Natl Res Univ Higher Sch Econ, RF, Moscow, Russia; [Kacmar, Pavol] Univ Pavol Jozef Safarik Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia; [Kozlov, Mikhail, V] Univ Turku, Turku, Finland; [Manunta, Efisio] Univ Toulouse, Ut2j, CNRS, Toulouse, France; [Massar, Karlijn] Maastricht Univ, Maastricht, Netherlands; [McFall, Joseph P.] SUNY Coll Fredonia, Fredonia, NY 14063 USA; [Mebarak, Moises] Univ Norte, Puerto Colombia, Colombia; [Miccoli, Maria Rosa; Reips, Ulf-Dietrich] Univ Konstanz, Constance, Germany; [Milfont, Taciano L.] Univ Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; [Prokop, Pavol; Fedor, Peter] Comenius Univ, Bratislava, Slovakia; [Prokop, Pavol] Slovak Acad Sci, Bratislava, Slovakia; [Aavik, Toivo] Univ Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; [Arriaga, Patricia] Iscte Univ Inst Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; [Cenek, Jiri] Mendel Univ Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; [Cetinkaya, Hakan] Yasar Univ, Izmir, Turkey; [Duyar, Izzet; Atamturk, Derya; Sahin, Aysegul] Istanbul Univ, Istanbul, Turkey; [Guemaz, Farida; Boussena, Mahmoud] Univ Setif2, Setif, Algeria; [Ishii, Tatsunori] Japan Womens Univ, Tokyo, Japan; [Kamburidis, Julia A.] Sofia Univ, Sofia, Bulgaria; [Khun-Inkeeree, Hareesol] Prince Songkla Univ, Pattani, Thailand; [Lidborg, Linda H.] Univ Durham, Durham, England; [Manor, Hagar; Nussinson, Ravit] Open Univ Israel, Raanana, Israel; [Omar-Fauzee, Mohd Sofian B.; Don, Yahya B.; Yusof, Mat Rahimi; Yaakob, Mohd Faiz Mohd] Univ Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia; [Pazhoohi, Farid] Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; [Santos, Anabela Caetano] Univ Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; [Senyk, Oksana] Ukrainian Catholic Univ, Lvov, Ukraine; [Spasovski, Ognen] Univ Ss Cyril & Methodius Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia; [Vintila, Mona] West Univ Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; [Wang, Austin H.] Univ Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA; [Yoo, Gyesook] Kyung Hee Univ, Seoul, South Korea; [Amin, Rizwana] Bahria Univ, Islamabad, Pakistan; [Aquino, Sibele; Novaes, Felipe C.; Natividade, Jean C.] Pontifical Catholic Univ Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil; [Boga, Merve; Koyuncu, Mehmet] Ege Univ, Izmir, Turkey; [Can, Ali R.] Hatay Mustafa Kemal Univ, Antakya, Turkey; [Can, Seda; Dural, Seda] Izmir Univ Econ, Izmir, Turkey; [Castro, Rita; Lins, Samuel; Carneiro, Joao] Univ Porto, Porto, Portugal; [Coker, Ogeday] Univ Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey; [Eder, Stephanie J.; Oberzaucher, Elisabeth] Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria; [Moharrampour, Nasim Ghahraman] Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; [Grassini, Simone] Univ Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway; [Grassini, Simone] NTNU Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway; [Hristova, Evgeniya] New Bulgarian Univ, Sofia, Bulgaria; [Ikizer, Gozde] Tobb Univ Econ & Technol, Ankara, Turkey; [Kervyn, Nicolas] Catholic Univ Louvain, Louvain La Neuve, Belgium; [Kunisato, Yoshihiko; Toyama, Asako] Senshu Univ, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan; [Mandzyk, Tetyana; Perun, Mariia] Ivan Franko Natl Univ Lviv, Lvov, Ukraine; [Mari, Silvia] Univ Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy; [Mattiassi, Alan D. A.] Univ Florence, Florence, Italy; [Memisoglu-Sanli, Aybegum; Alma, Leyla] Middle East Tech Univ, Ankara, Turkey; [Parise, Miriam; Donato, Silvia] Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy; [Banai, Irena Pavela; Krizanic, Valerija] JJ Strossmayer Univ Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; [Plohl, Nejc; Musil, Bojan] Univ Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia; [Sahli, Fatima Zahra] Univ Mohammed 5, Rabat, Morocco; [Sakan, Dusana] Union Univ, Fac Legal & Business Studies Dr Lazar Vrkatic, Novi Sad, Serbia; [Smojver-Azic, Sanja; Dorcic, Tamara Martinac] Univ Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; [Solak, Caglar; Soylemez, Sinem] Manisa Celal Bayar Univ, Manisa, Turkey; [Toyama, Asako] Japan Soc Promot Sci, Tokyo, Japan; [Wlodarczyk, Anna] Univ Catolica Norte, Antofagasta, Chile; [Yamada, Yuki] Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka, Japan; [Abad-Villaverde, Beatriz] Univ Nacl Pedro Henriquez Urena, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep; [Afhami, Reza] Tarbiat Modares Univ, Tehran, Iran; [Akello, Grace] Gulu Univ, Gulu, Uganda; [Alami, Nael H.] Modern Univ Business & Sci, Damour, Lebanon; [Argyrides, Marios] Neapolis Univ Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus; [Burduli, Nana] Univ Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; [Cardona, Sayra; Castaneda, Andrea] De Valle Univ Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala; [Chalatkiewicz, Izabela] SWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities, Warsaw, Poland; [Chopik, William J.] Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA; [Pirtskhalava, Ekaterine] Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Univ, Tbilisi, Georgia; [Conroy-Beam, Daniel; Gelbart, Benjamin; Walter, Kathryn, V] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA; [Contreras-Garduno, Jorge] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Unidad Morelia, ENES, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; [da Silva, Diana Ribeiro] Univ Coimbra, Fac Psychol & Educ Sci, Ctr Res Neuropsychol & Cognit Behav Intervent CIN, Coimbra, Portugal; [Durackova, Michaela] Pavol Jozef Safarik Univ, Kosice, Slovakia; [Dutt, Sanjana] Nicolaus Copernicus Univ, Torun, Poland; [Ebimgbo, Samuel O.] Univ Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; [Etchezahar, Edgardo; Yepes, Talia Gomez] Univ Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina; [Etchezahar, Edgardo] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina; [Fekih-Romdhane, Feten] Razi Hosp, Manouba, Tunisia; [Fekih-Romdhane, Feten] Tunis El Manar Univ, Tunis, Tunisia; [Yepes, Talia Gomez] Int Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain; [Hamdaoui, Brahim] Univ Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco; [Hromatko, Ivana] Univ Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; [Itibi, Salome N.] Busara Ctr Beahvioral Econ, Nairobi, Kenya; [Janssen, Steve M. J.; Marot, Tiago] Univ Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia; [Jovic, Marija] Univ Belgrade, Fon, Belgrade, Serbia; [Kertechian, Kevin S.] Ecole Super Sci Commerciales Angers, Angers, France; [Khan, Farah] Women Univ Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; [Koso-Drljevic, Maida; Misetic, Katarina] Univ Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herceg; [Krasnodebska, Anna] Univ Opole, Opole, Poland; [Landa-Blanco, Miguel] Natl Autonomous Univ Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; [Estevan, Ignacio; Mailhos, Alvaro] Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay; [Martinez-Banfi, Martha] Univ Simon Bolivar, Fac Ciencias Jurid & Sociales, Barranquilla, Colombia; [Mayorga-Lascano, Marlon] Pontificia Univ Catolica Ecuador Ambato, Ambato, Ecuador; [Mikuliciute, Vita; Sargautyte, Ruta] Vilnius Univ, Vilnius, Lithuania; [Najmussaqib, Arooj] Natl Univ Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan; [Muthu, Kavitha Nalla; Tan, Chee-Seng] Univ Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia; [Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G.] Alex Ekwueme Fed Univ, Ndufu Alike, Nigeria; [Omar, Salma S.] Alexandria Univ, Alexandria, Egypt; [Pacquing, Ma Criselda T.; Reyes, Marc Eric S.] Univ Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines; [Pagani, Ariela F.] Univ Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy; [Park, Ju Hee] Yonsei Univ, Seoul, South Korea; [Roer, Jan P.] Witten Herdecke Univ, Witten, Germany; [Samekin, Adil] M Narikbayev KAZGUU Univ, Nur Sultan, Kazakhstan; [Semenovskikh, Tatiana] Tyumen State Univ, Tyumen, Russia; [Soto-Lopez, Rodrigo] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico Mexico City, Ciudad De Mexico, Mexico; [Sultanova, Liliya] Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Branch Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; [Tamayo-Agudelo, William] Univ Cooperat Colombia, Medellin, Colombia; [Topanova, Gulmira T.] Kazakh Natl Womens Univ, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan; [Bulut, Merve Topcu] Lund Univ, Malmo, Sweden; [Tremoliere, Bastien] Univ Toulouse Jean Jaures, Toulouse, France; [Tulyakul, Singha] Thaksin Univ, Songkhla, Thailand; [Turkan, Belguzar N.] Pamukkale Univ, Denizli, Turkey; [Volkodav, Tatiana] Kuban State Univ, Krasnodar, Russia; [Zumarraga-Espinosa, Marcos] Salesian Polytech Univ, Quito, Ecuador; [Deschrijver, Eliane] Univ Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; [Santos, Anabela Caetano] ISCTE Inst Univ Lisboa IUL, CIS IUL, Lisbon, Portugal; [Chubinidze, Dimitri] Tbilisi State Med Univ, Psychol Set Res & Correct Ctr, Tbilisi, Georgia; [Ostaszewski, Franciszek] SWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities, DecisionLab Ctr Behav Res Decis Making, Warsaw, Poland; [Galasinska, Katarzyna] SWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities, Ctr Res Biol Basis Social Behav, Warsaw, Poland
gdc.description.endpage 474
gdc.description.issue 6
gdc.description.publicationcategory Makale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
gdc.description.startpage 455
gdc.description.volume 43
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gdc.oaire.keywords Objectification Theory
gdc.oaire.keywords 150
gdc.oaire.keywords Facial Attractiveness
gdc.oaire.keywords [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology
gdc.oaire.keywords Social Sciences
gdc.oaire.keywords Evolutionary Perspective
gdc.oaire.keywords Self-Objectification
gdc.oaire.keywords Other Psychology
gdc.oaire.keywords Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Naturais::Ciências Biológicas
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person.identifier.orcid Chirumbolo- Antonio/0000-0002-4274-2489, Milfont- Taciano L/0000-0001-6838-6307, Pfuhl- Gerit/0000-0002-3271-6447, Gomez Yepes- Talia/0000-0001-6555-1186, Varella- Marco/0000-0002-7274-7360, duyar- izzet/0000-0002-4578-0528, Kobylarek- Aleksander/0000-0002-4562-9035, Gjoneska- Biljana/0000-0003-1200-6672, Grigoryev- Dmitry/0000-0003-4511-7942, Martinac Dorcic- Tamara/0000-0002-3844-8500, Mahmoud- Boussena/0000-0003-0150-7631, Janssen- Steve/0000-0002-3100-128X, Czamanski-Cohen- Johanna/0000-0003-3980-6848, Prokop- Pavol/0000-0003-2016-7468, Memisoglu Sanli- Aybegum/0000-0002-4397-4513, Miccoli- Maria Rosa/0000-0002-4455-2654, Nussinson- Ravit/0000-0002-7331-548X, Caetano Santos- Anabela/0000-0001-7963-8397, Dubrov- Dmitrii/0000-0001-8146-4197, Mattiassi- Alan/0000-0002-9996-0700, Grano- Caterina/0000-0002-1899-0773, Dutt- Sanjana/0000-0002-3845-6922, Solak- Caglar/0000-0002-0421-8627, Cenek- Jiri/0000-0002-2543-5532, Zumarraga Espinosa- Marcos/0000-0001-9930-9005, Hristova- Evgeniya/0000-0001-8127-8562, Yoo- Gyesook/0000-0002-2175-5512, Senyk- Oksana/0000-0003-1657-4490, Kowal- Marta/0000-0001-9050-1471, Reips- Ulf-Dietrich/0000-0002-1566-4745, Alami- Nael/0000-0002-1802-8250, Lidborg- Linda H/0000-0001-9667-9326, Grassini- Simone/0000-0002-4189-7585, Misetic- Katarina/0009-0007-7417-7473, Khun-inkeeree- Hareesol/0000-0002-6138-3004, Cetinkaya- Hakan/0000-0001-5585-8678, Alma- Leyla/0000-0002-4004-3596, Najmussaqib- Arooj/0000-0001-9423-0795, Sakan- Dusana/0000-0003-1087-2550, Eder- Stephanie Josephine/0000-0002-2061-5382, Etchezahar- Edgardo/0000-0002-3289-194X, Singh Solorzano- Claudio/0000-0003-0402-4969, Boga- Merve/0000-0001-6784-4900, Ostaszewski- Franciszek Stanislaw/0000-0001-9520-3019, Kacmar- Pavol/0000-0003-0076-1945, SAHLI- Fatima zahra/0000-0002-1864-1653, Manunta- Efisio/0000-0002-2163-4980, Mayorga-Lascano- Marlon/0000-0002-2515-4159, Dacanay- Jovi/0000-0002-9222-3759, Kozma- Luca/0000-0002-3297-629X, Semenovskikh- Tatiana/0000-0001-6015-7497, Farida- GUEMAZ/0009-0006-4278-6840, Abad-Villaverde- Beatriz/0000-0002-3652-7141, Urbanek- Arkadiusz/0000-0001-7592-787X, Landa-Blanco- Miguel/0000-0002-7865-7593, Varella Valentova- Jaroslava/0000-0002-2113-3385, Wlodarczyk- Anna/0000-0003-2106-5324, oberzaucher- elisabeth/0000-0003-0083-3160, Kervyn- Nicolas/0000-0001-9056-6283, Reyes- Marc Eric/0000-0002-5280-1315, Ponnet- Koen/0000-0002-6911-7632, Siepelmeyer- Henrik/0000-0002-9933-075X, Touloumakos- Anna K./0000-0002-4610-8418, Castro- Rita/0000-0002-8841-400X, Volkodav- Tatiana/0000-0003-3129-3638, Hromatko- Ivana/0000-0002-3837-1929, Giammusso- Isabella/0000-0001-8784-8810, Mikuliciute- Vita/0000-0001-8818-9140, Ribeiro da Silva- Diana/0000-0002-3919-627X, Can- Seda/0000-0001-5328-6602, Coker- Ogeday/0000-0002-7757-4542, Estevan- Ignacio/0000-0003-4743-1310, Gargula- Lukasz/0000-0002-4962-9323, Chubinidze- Dimitri/0000-0003-3253-8991, Fedor- Peter/0000-0003-4091-8935
project.funder.name National Science Center- Poland [2019/33/N/HS6/00054], Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University), Basic Research Program at HSE University- RF, FCT [UID/PSI/03125/2021- SFRH/BD/126304/2016], UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman [2019 -CAP (6401/0019)], Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [20H04581] Funding Source: KAKEN
publicationissue.issueNumber 6
publicationvolume.volumeNumber 43
relation.isOrgUnitOfPublication ac5ddece-c76d-476d-ab30-e4d3029dee37
relation.isOrgUnitOfPublication.latestForDiscovery ac5ddece-c76d-476d-ab30-e4d3029dee37

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People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives.
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