Right to Work and Its Limitations in Turkey in Terms of International Agreements
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2020
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Türk devletinin ilk anayasası olan 1921 Teşkilat-ı Esasiye'de temel hak ve hürriyetler yer almazken, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'nin ilk anayasası olan 1924 Anayasası'nda sözleşme yapma ve çalışma hakkından bahsedilmiştir. Türkiye'de, anayasal olarak çalışma hakkı ile ilgili ayrıntılı düzenleme 1961 ve 1982 Anayasalarında yer almıştır. Bu tezde 1982 Anayasası'nda yer alan çalışma hakkı ve ödevini açıklamaya çalıştım. Çalışma hakkını, unsurlarına ayırarak ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarıyla örneklendirerek anlattım. Çalışma hakkının sınırlamalarından ve özel olarak korunması gereken kişilerden bahsettim. Çalışma hakkının sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan diğer birçok hakkı anlattım. Çalışma hakkı ile çalışma özgürlüğü arasındaki ilişkiyi ve farklılıkları açıkladım. Çalışma hakkının ihlali konusunda ülkemiz Anayasa Mahkemesi'nin tutumunu anlattım. Sonrasında Türkiye'nin tarafı olduğu uluslararası sözleşmeler ve iç mevzuat uyarınca çocuk ve genç çalışanlara yönelik sınırlamaları, yabancılara yönelik sınırlamaları anlattım. İç mevzuatımızdaki uluslararası sözleşmelere aykırı olan asgari çalışma yaşı hükümlerini eleştirdim. Çalışanlara ilişkin olarak gece çalıştırma yasağını, yer ve su altında çalıştırma yasağını, analık halinde çalışma ve süt iznini anlattım. Yabancıların çalışma hakkına ilişkin olarak 111 Sayılı Ayrımcılık Sözleşmesi (İLO), Göçmen İşçilerin Hukuki Statüsü Hakkında Avrupa Sözleşmesi, Tüm Göçmen İşçilerin ve Aile Fertlerinin Haklarının Korunmasına Dair Uluslararası Sözleşme, 1951 tarihli Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna İlişkin Sözleşme 'de yer alan bazı hükümleri anlattım. 6735 sayılı Uluslararası İşgücü Kanunu uyarınca yabancıların çalışma izni sürecini ve türlerini anlattım. Ülkemizde Türk soylu yabancıların çalışma hakkını ve Türk vatandaşlarına hasredilen işlerde çalışmaları için gereken şartları anlattım. Göçmen ve mülteci kavramı arasındaki farkı anlattım. Tarafı olduğumuz uluslararası sözleşmeler ve 6458 sayılı Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu uyarınca kimlerin mülteci, şartlı mülteci, ikincil koruma statüsü ve geçici koruma statüsü sahibi olabileceğini anlattım. Ülkemizde, Suriye'den gelip koruma talebinde bulunan kişiler gibi, kendilerine Geçici Koruma Yönetmeliği uyarınca geçici koruma sağlanan kişilerin çalışma hakkını ve onlara uygulanan kotanın daha yüksek olması gerektiğini anlattım. 657 sayılı Devlet Memurları Kanunu'nda yer alan, ticaret ve diğer kazanç getirici faaliyetlerde bulunma yasağını Danıştay içtihatlarıyla beraber anlattım. Sonuç olarak bu tez; ülkemizde çalışma hakkının daha çok sağlanmasına ve geliştirilmesine hizmet edecektir.
Although the Constitution of 1921, which was the first constitution of the Turkish State (namely, Teşkilat-ı Esasiye), did not include any provisions on fundamental rights and freedoms, the Constitution of 1924, which was the first constitution of the Republic of Turkey, covered the freedom of contract and the right to work. Later on, detailed provisions on the right to work came in with the Constitutions of 1961 and 1982. In the present dissertation, I aimed at unraveling the relevant provisions of the Constitution of 1982 on the right to work and the obligations brought about by the use of this right. I explored the right to work by dividing it into certain components and giving examples from among the verdicts of the European Court of Human Rights. I then went onto mentioning the limitations of the right to work as well as the people to be specially protected. I also elaborated on many other rights occurring as a result of the right to work. I explained the relation and differences between the right to work and the freedom of work. Furthermore, I dwelled upon the attitude of the Constitutional Court of Turkey against the cases of violation of the said right. I further covered the limitations imposed on child and young workers and foreigners in accordance with the Conventions to which Turkey is a party as well as the domestic legislation. Then, I explained the prohibition of night work and underground and underwater work for workers as well as maternal benefits, including breastfeeding leave. As to the right to work for foreigners, I singled out some provisions from the ILO Convention no.111 Concerning Discrimination, European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers, International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. I also provided explanation on the procedures and types of work permits for foreigners in accordance with the Law no. 6735 on International Labor Force. I further dwelled upon the right to work for foreigners of Turkic origin in Turkey as well as the requirements they need to meet in order to work in jobs allocated for Turkish citizens. I provided an explanation on the differences between the concepts of 'migrant' and 'refugee'. I also covered who could be considered refugees or conditional refugees and who could hold secondary protection or temporary protection status in accordance with the Law no. 6458 on Foreigners and International Protection as well as the Conventions to which Turkey is a party. Moreover, I elaborated on the right to work and limitations to move into work life for people who hold temporary protection status in accordance with the Turkish Temporary Protection Regulation, including Syrians who have been seeking shelter in Turkey. Lastly, I covered the prohibition of getting engaged in commercial and other income generating activities governed in Law no.In conclusion, this dissertation will ultimately serve the purpose of ensuring and enhancing the right to work in Turkey.
Although the Constitution of 1921, which was the first constitution of the Turkish State (namely, Teşkilat-ı Esasiye), did not include any provisions on fundamental rights and freedoms, the Constitution of 1924, which was the first constitution of the Republic of Turkey, covered the freedom of contract and the right to work. Later on, detailed provisions on the right to work came in with the Constitutions of 1961 and 1982. In the present dissertation, I aimed at unraveling the relevant provisions of the Constitution of 1982 on the right to work and the obligations brought about by the use of this right. I explored the right to work by dividing it into certain components and giving examples from among the verdicts of the European Court of Human Rights. I then went onto mentioning the limitations of the right to work as well as the people to be specially protected. I also elaborated on many other rights occurring as a result of the right to work. I explained the relation and differences between the right to work and the freedom of work. Furthermore, I dwelled upon the attitude of the Constitutional Court of Turkey against the cases of violation of the said right. I further covered the limitations imposed on child and young workers and foreigners in accordance with the Conventions to which Turkey is a party as well as the domestic legislation. Then, I explained the prohibition of night work and underground and underwater work for workers as well as maternal benefits, including breastfeeding leave. As to the right to work for foreigners, I singled out some provisions from the ILO Convention no.111 Concerning Discrimination, European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers, International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. I also provided explanation on the procedures and types of work permits for foreigners in accordance with the Law no. 6735 on International Labor Force. I further dwelled upon the right to work for foreigners of Turkic origin in Turkey as well as the requirements they need to meet in order to work in jobs allocated for Turkish citizens. I provided an explanation on the differences between the concepts of 'migrant' and 'refugee'. I also covered who could be considered refugees or conditional refugees and who could hold secondary protection or temporary protection status in accordance with the Law no. 6458 on Foreigners and International Protection as well as the Conventions to which Turkey is a party. Moreover, I elaborated on the right to work and limitations to move into work life for people who hold temporary protection status in accordance with the Turkish Temporary Protection Regulation, including Syrians who have been seeking shelter in Turkey. Lastly, I covered the prohibition of getting engaged in commercial and other income generating activities governed in Law no.In conclusion, this dissertation will ultimately serve the purpose of ensuring and enhancing the right to work in Turkey.
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Çalışma Izni, LAW, Work Permit, Hukuk, Rights to Work, International Conventions, Çalışma Hakları, Uluslararası Sözleşmeler
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175
