Does faith limit immorality? The politics of religion and corruption

Abstract

Critically considering scholarship relating religiosity to ethical behaviour we contend that religion is systematically related to levels of corruption and that the nature of this relationship is contingent on the presence of democratic institutions. In democracies where political institutions are designed to inhibit corrupt conduct the morality provided by religion is related to attenuated corruption. Conversely in systems lacking democratic institutions moral behaviour is not tantamount to staying away from corrupt ways. Accordingly in non-democratic contexts religion would not be associated with decreased corruption. Time-series cross-sectional analyses of aggregate data for 129 countries for 12 years as well as individual level analyses of data from the World Values Surveys strongly corroborate the predictions of our theory. The correlation of religion with reduced corruption is conditional on the extent to which political institutions are democratic.