Esra Atalay-SaharEce Yildiz-OzturkSu ÖzgürArzu Latife AralBaris Emre DayancTuncay GökselRalph Leo Johan MeuwissenOzlem Yesil-CeliktasOzlem Keskin Goksel2025-10-062025146239941462-399410.1017/erm.2025.7https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105000425868&doi=10.1017%2Ferm.2025.7&partnerID=40&md5=1ea597d3cc3ae5686cd940d052fd814chttps://gcris.yasar.edu.tr/handle/123456789/8023The undeniable impact of climate change and air pollution on respiratory health has led to increasing cases of asthma allergic rhinitis and other chronic non-communicable immune-mediated upper and lower airway diseases. Natural bioaerosols such as pollen and fungi are essential atmospheric components undergoing significant structural and functional changes due to industrial pollution and atmospheric warming. Pollutants like particulate matter(PMx) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) nitrogen dioxide(NO<inf>2</inf>) sulfur dioxide(SO<inf>2</inf>) and carbon monoxide(CO) modify the surface and biological properties of atmospheric bioaerosols such as pollen and fungi enhancing their allergenic potentials. As a result sensitized individuals face heightened risks of asthma exacerbation and these alterations likely contribute to the rise in frequency and severity of allergic diseases. NAMs such as precision-cut lung slices(PCLS) air–liquid interface(ALI) cultures and lung-on-a-chip models along with the integration of data from these innovative models with computational models provide better insights into how environmental factors influence asthma and allergic diseases compared to traditional models. These systems simulate the interaction between pollutants and the respiratory system with higher precision helping to better understand the health implications of bioaerosol exposure. Additionally NAMs improve preclinical study outcomes by offering higher throughput reduced costs and greater reproducibility enhancing the translation of data into clinical applications. This review critically evaluates the potential of NAMs in researching airway diseases with a focus on allergy and asthma. It highlights their advantages in studying the increasingly complex structures of bioaerosols under conditions of environmental pollution and climate change while also addressing the existing gaps challenges and limitations of these models. © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.EnglishAir Pollution, Airway Diseases, Allergy, Asthma, Climate Change, Fungus, Nams, Pollen, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, Aerosols, Air Pollutants, Particulate Matter, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Sulfur Dioxide, Air Pollution, Allergic Disease, Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, Climate Change, Computer Model, Environmental Factor, Exposure, Human, Lower Respiratory Tract, Lung On A Chip, Lung Slice, Nonhuman, Particulate Matter, Pollen, Reproducibility, Respiratory System, Respiratory Tract Disease, Review, Simulation, Adverse Event, Aerosol, Air Pollutant, Animal, Environmental Exposure, Epidemiology, Etiology, Aerosols, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Animals, Asthma, Climate Change, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Particulate Matter, Rhinitis Allergiccarbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, sulfur dioxide, air pollution, allergic disease, allergic rhinitis, asthma, climate change, computer model, environmental factor, exposure, human, lower respiratory tract, lung on a chip, lung slice, nonhuman, particulate matter, pollen, reproducibility, respiratory system, respiratory tract disease, review, simulation, adverse event, aerosol, air pollutant, animal, environmental exposure, epidemiology, etiology, Aerosols, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Animals, Asthma, Climate Change, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Particulate Matter, Rhinitis AllergicReview