Devesh KumarGunjan SoniAjay Pal Singh RathoreYigit KazancogluRathore, Ajay Pal SinghKumar, DeveshSoni, GunjanKazancoglu, Yigit2025-10-0620250098-13541873-437510.1016/j.compchemeng.2025.1091942-s2.0-105005579403http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2025.109194https://gcris.yasar.edu.tr/handle/123456789/7245https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2025.109194The pharmaceutical industry a massive global sector responsible for pharmaceutical production development and marketing has the problem of developing robust supply chains (SCs). These SCs are becoming more complicated while functioning in a global market making them more vulnerable to disruptions. To ensure that the healthcare system operates efficiently and meets the growing demand healthcare organisations must construct resilient and reliable SCs. In this study we develop a multi-objective optimisation model to address the pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) problem while simultaneously minimising costs and increasing network reliability. We use three essential SC design indicators: node density node complexity and node criticality as well as a network reliability indicator to improve SC resilience and reliability. Our research findings indicate that in the pharmaceutical business improving SC reliability reducing SC costs and managing total SC orders holistically can effectively reduce the risk of SC interruptions.Englishinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessPharmaceutical supply chain, Mathematical modelling, Supply chain resilience, Supply chain reliabilityNETWORK, SELECTION, FRAMEWORK, DESIGNSupply Chain ReliabilityMathematical ModellingSupply Chain ResiliencePharmaceutical Supply ChainArticle