Sezai PolatEmrah BiyikHacer Şekerci Öztura2025-10-062025037877960378-779610.1016/j.epsr.2025.111629https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105000486632&doi=10.1016%2Fj.epsr.2025.111629&partnerID=40&md5=c2115a689fa5745c133ce33d7da0fdeahttps://gcris.yasar.edu.tr/handle/123456789/7987The intermittent nature of renewable energy complicates grid integration requiring an efficient Energy Management System (EMS). This study addresses day-ahead EMS in distribution systems (DS) with a focus on active and reactive power scheduling utilizing the reactive power support of inverters in Photovoltaic (PV) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). A novel current-based method is proposed accounting for current limits bus voltage inverter lifetime reduction costs and inverter losses modeled as load. This method impacts load flow bus voltage and voltage-dependent loads enabling optimal decisions for compensating inverter losses via the grid BESS or PV. Simulations on the IEEE 33 test system show a 5% reduction in inverter losses with the current-based method and 6% with the traditional power-based method. Inverter lifetime reduction costs were minimized by 42% and 58% with the current- and power-based methods respectively under summer conditions. In winter reductions reached 49% and 14%. Crucially inverter output depends on bus voltage challenging the assumption of constant rated power. At voltages below 1.00 p.u. inverters underperform achieving only 209 kVA of a 215 kVA rating. These findings emphasize the need for accurate modeling to improve EMS performance and reliability in renewable energy systems. © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.EnglishBattery Storage, Energy Management System, Inverter, Optimization, Photovoltaic, Reactive Power, 'current, Battery Energy Storage Systems, Battery Storage, Bus Voltage, Energy, Inverter, Management Systems, Optimisations, Photovoltaics, Power, Charge Storage'current, Battery energy storage systems, Battery storage, Bus voltage, Energy, Inverter, Management systems, Optimisations, Photovoltaics, Power, Charge storageArticle