Muhammad AbidA. Hepbasli2025-10-06201515567036, 155672301556-70361556-723010.1080/15567036.2012.703287https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946231737&doi=10.1080%2F15567036.2012.703287&partnerID=40&md5=f7798b85edd3fbd86999035600cf9a57https://gcris.yasar.edu.tr/handle/123456789/9856Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources photovoltaic solar has been one of the most promising renewable energy sources in the world. In this article the performance of photovoltaic modules through energy and exergy efficiencies sustainability index improvement potential factors and in terms of their exergy costs is investigated. The thermodynamic variables such as environmental temperature module temperature wind velocity density and humidity of air were considered in the analysis. The investigation helped identify the irreversibilities due to various exergy losses and exergy destructions present in the system for its possible improvements. A case study is presented to show the importance of the efficiency modeling and compare them using the actual operational data of Riyadh Saudi Arabia. It is determined that the energy efficiency varied between 34.09 and 52.14% while the exergy efficiency ranged from 0.16 to 15.23% respectively. The exergy efficiency for the PV/T analysis changed between 1.36 and 19.86% with an average value of 9.65%. The sustainability index was between 1 and 1.17 for the system. The improvement potential factor had minimum and maximum values of 3376 and 24559.42 W respectively while the exergy rate of solar radiation was in the range of 3850.9 and 25115.95 W on the test date. There was obviously a large scope for improvement in the existing system as a very small amount of exergy from solar radiation was utilized. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.EnglishEnergy Production, Energy Source, Exergy, Exergy Destruction, Photovoltaic Module, Renewable Energy, Wind Velocity, Air, Energy Efficiency, Photovoltaic Cells, Renewable Energy Resources, Solar Power Generation, Solar Radiation, Sustainable Development, Wind, Energy Productions, Energy Source, Exergy Destructions, Photovoltaic Modules, Renewable Energies, Wind Velocities, ExergyAir, Energy efficiency, Photovoltaic cells, Renewable energy resources, Solar power generation, Solar radiation, Sustainable development, Wind, Energy productions, Energy source, Exergy destructions, Photovoltaic modules, Renewable energies, Wind velocities, ExergyArticle