Burhan GulbaharGulbahar, Burhan2025-10-06202415361276, 155822481536-12761558-224810.1109/TWC.2024.33831012-s2.0-85190173264https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85190173264&doi=10.1109%2FTWC.2024.3383101&partnerID=40&md5=8dfae94c4996b075175794c0aac36ea1https://gcris.yasar.edu.tr/handle/123456789/8309https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2024.3383101Quantum-approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is promising in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers with applications for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. It is recently utilized for NP-hard maximum-likelihood (ML) detection problem with challenges of optimization simulation and performance analysis for n × n multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) systems with large n. QAOA is recently applied by Farhi et al. on infinite size limit of Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) model with a cost model including only quadratic terms. In this article we extend the model by including also linear terms and then realize SK modeling of massive MIMO ML detection. The proposed design targets near ML performance while with complexity including O 16p initial operations independent from problem instance and size n for optimizing QAOA angles and On2\p quantum operations for each instance. We provide both optimized and extrapolated angles for p ϵ [1 14] and signal-to-noise (SNR) < 12 dB achieving near-optimum ML performance with p ≥ 4 for 25 × 25 and 12 × 12 MIMO systems modulated with BPSK and QPSK respectively. We present two conjectures about concentration properties of QAOA and near-optimum performance for next generation massive MIMO systems covering n < 300. © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Englishinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessMaximum-likelihood Detection, Mimo, Quantum Approximate Optimization, Sherrington-kirkpatrick Model, Combinatorial Optimization, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Mimo Systems, Signal Detection, Approximate Optimization, Maximum- Likelihood Detection, Multiple Inputs, Multiple Outputs, Multiple-input Multiple Output, Multiple-input Multiple- Output Systems, Np-hard, Optimization Algorithms, Quantum Approximate Optimization, Sherrington-kirkpatrick Models, Signal To Noise RatioCombinatorial optimization, Maximum likelihood estimation, MIMO systems, Signal detection, Approximate optimization, Maximum- likelihood detection, Multiple inputs, Multiple outputs, Multiple-input multiple output, Multiple-Input Multiple- Output systems, NP-hard, Optimization algorithms, Quantum approximate optimization, Sherrington-Kirkpatrick models, Signal to noise ratioQuantum Approximate OptimizationCostsModulationSherrington-Kirkpatrick ModelCost FunctionMassive MIMOMaximum-Likelihood DetectionComputational ModelingMIMOBinary Phase Shift KeyingWireless CommunicationArticle