hacer sekerci ozturasezai polatEMRAH BIYIKPolat, SezaiOztura, Hacer SekerciBıyık, Emrah2025-10-2220231. REN21 Renewables 2022 Global Status. Paris: REN21 Secretariat 2022. ISBN 978-3-948393-04-5.2. G. Pepermans J. Driesen D. Haeseldonckx R. Belmans and W. D’haeseleer “Distributed generation: Definition benefits and issues” Energy Policy vol. 33 no. 6 pp. 787–798 2005. [CrossRef]3. M. Fathi and H. Bevrani “Statistical cooperative power dispatching in interconnected microgrids” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy vol. 4 no. 3 pp. 586–593 2013. [CrossRef]4. K. P. Kumar and B. Saravanan “Day ahead scheduling of generation and storage in a microgrid considering demand Side management” J. Energy Storage vol. 21 pp. 78–86 2019. [CrossRef]5. J. A. Martinez and J. Mahseredjian “Load flow calculations in distribu- tion systems with distributed resources. A review” in 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting pp. 1–8 2011. [CrossRef]6. B. V. S. Vardhan M. Khedkar and I. Srivastava “Effective energy man- agement and cost effective day ahead scheduling for distribution system with dynamic market participants” Sustain. Energy Grids Netw. vol. 31 p. 100706 2022. [CrossRef]7. M. Rahimi F. J. Ardakani O. Olatujoye and A. J. Ardakani “Two-stage interval scheduling of virtual power plant in day-ahead and real-time markets considering compressed air energy storage wind turbine” J. Energy Storage vol. 45 p. 103599 2022. [CrossRef]8. G. Huang H. Wu Z. Feng Y. Ding and J. Wang “Day-ahead reactive- voltage optimization for active distribution network with energy stor- age” in 2021 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control. Technologies (CEECT) 2021 pp. 170–174. [CrossRef]9. X. Sun J. Qiu Y. Yi and Y. Tao “Cost-effective coordinated voltage con- trol in active distribution networks with photovoltaics and mobile energy storage systems” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy vol. 13 no. 1 pp. 501–513 2022. [CrossRef]10. J. H. Teng “A direct approach for distribution system load flow solutions” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. vol. 18 no. 3 pp. 882–887 2003. [CrossRef]11. V. Vita “Development of a decision-making algorithm for the optimum size and placement of distributed generation units in distribution net- works” Energies vol. 10 no. 9 p. 1433 2017. [CrossRef]12. F. H. Aghdam N. T. Kalantari and B. Mohammadi-Ivatloo “A chance- constrained energy management in multi-microgrid systems consider- ing degradation cost of energy storage elements” J. Energy Storage vol. 29 p. 101416 2020. [CrossRef]13. A. Waqar et al. “Analysis of optimal deployment of several DGs in distribution networks using plant propagation algorithm” IEEE Access vol. 8 pp. 175546–175562 2020. [CrossRef]14. R. Srinivasa Rao S. V. L. Narasimham M. Ramalinga Raju and A. Srini- vasa Rao “Optimal network reconfiguration of large-scale distribution system using harmony search algorithm” IEEE Trans. Power Syst. vol. 26 no. 3 pp. 1080–1088 2011.15. H. A. Taha M. H. Alham and H. K. M. Youssef “Multi-objective optimiza- tion for optimal allocation and coordination of wind and solar DGs BESSs and capacitors in presence of demand response” IEEE Access vol. 10 pp. 16225–16241 2022. [CrossRef]16. U. Sur “Impact study of distributed generations in voltage sag mitigation using an improved three-phase unbalanced load flow for active distribu- tion network” Turk. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. vol. 2 no. 2 pp. 124–133 2022. [CrossRef]17. S. Gupta V. K. Yadav and M. Singh “Optimal allocation of capacitors in radial distribution networks using Shannon’s entropy” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. vol. 37 no. 3 pp. 2245–2255 2022. [CrossRef]18. S. Koohi-Fayegh and M. A. Rosen “A review of energy storage types applications and recent developments” J. Energy Storage vol. 27 p. 101047 2020. [CrossRef]19. S. Bacha D. Picault B. Burger I. Etxeberria-Otadui and J. Martins “Pho- tovoltaics in microgrids: An overview of grid integration and energy management aspects” IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag. vol. 9 no. 1 pp. 33–46 2015. [CrossRef]20. S. Polat E. Bıyık and H. Şekerci Öztura “Batarya ve PV Sistemi İçeren Bir Mikro Şebekenin Gün Öncesi Enerji Yönetim Sistemi ile Optimum İşletilmesi” in CIGRE Türkiye - III. Power Systems Conference GSK 2022. Ankara 2022.21. D. T. Ton and M. A. Smith “The U.S. Department of Energy’s microgrid initiative” Electr. J. vol. 25 no. 8 pp. 84–94 2012. [CrossRef]22. “Microgrids State working group | NASEO.” [Online]. Available: https:// www.naseo.org/issues/electricity/microgrids. [Accessed: December 9 2022].23. A. Dolara S. Leva and G. Manzolini “Comparison of different physical models for PV power output prediction” Sol. Energy vol. 119 pp. 83–99 2015. [CrossRef]24. T. Ma H. Yang and L. Lu “Solar photovoltaic system modeling and per- formance prediction” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. vol. 36 pp. 304–315 2014. [CrossRef]25. M. R. B. Khan R. Jidin and J. Pasupuleti “Multi-agent based distrib- uted control architecture for microgrid energy management and opti- mization” Energy Convers. Manag. vol. 112 pp. 288–307 2016. [CrossRef]26. S. Cao H. Zhang K. Cao M. Chen Y. Wu and S. Zhou “Day-ahead economic optimal dispatch of microgrid cluster considering shared energy storage system and P2P transaction” Front. Energy Res. vol. 9 2021. [CrossRef]27. K. Prakash and M. Sydulu “Topological and primitive impedance based load flow method for radial and weakly meshed distribution systems” Iran. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. vol. 10 no. 1 pp. 10–18 2011.28. T. Thakur and J. Dhiman “A new approach to load flow solutions for radial distribution system” in 2006 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribu- tion Conference and Exposition: Latin America TDC’06 pp. 1–6 2006. [CrossRef]29. M. V. Kirthiga S. A. Daniel and S. Gurunathan “A methodology for transforming an existing distribution network into a sustainable autono- mous micro-grid” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy vol. 4 no. 1 pp. 31–41 2013. [CrossRef]30. W. A. Vasquez and F. L. Quilumba “Load flow method for radial distribu- tion systems with distributed generation using a dynamic data matrix” 2016 IEEE Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting ETCM 2016 pp. 16–20 2016. [CrossRef]31. G. Diaz J. Gomez-Aleixandre and J. Coto “Direct backward/forward sweep algorithm for solving load power flows in AC droop-regulated microgrids” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid vol. 7 no. 5 pp. 2208–2217 2016. [CrossRef]32. T. Tewari A. Mohapatra and S. Anand “Coordinated control of OLTC and energy storage for voltage regulation in distribution network with high PV penetration” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy vol. 12 no. 1 pp. 262–272 2021. [CrossRef]33. X. Li L. Wang N. Yan and R. Ma “Cooperative dispatch of distributed energy storage in distribution network with PV generation systems” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. vol. 31 no. 8 pp. 1–4 2021. [CrossRef]34. “JRC Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) - European Commission.” [Online]. Available: https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_too ls/en/#api_5.2. [Accessed: December 2 2022].2791-604910.5152/tepes.2023.23001https://gcris.yasar.edu.tr/handle/123456789/10496https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/en/yayin/detay/1240552The use of renewable energy sources (RESs) can ensure both lower cost of energy and improvement in voltage levels in the grid. Likewise batteries can help achieve technical improvement and cost reduction. However the full benefits of integrating RESs and batteries into the grid can only be realized by a suit- able energy management system (EMS). In this work a predictive EMS is developed to optimally operate a microgrid (MG) with photovoltaics and batteries while satisfying voltage constraints in the distribution grid. First mathematical models of the MG components are obtained. Then proper load flow method is selected for the network structure. Using component models and the load flow method a day-ahead EMS is posed as an optimization problem. Since the power flow calculations are nonlinear the optimization problem is constructed as a nonlinear program. Simulation studies are performed to analyze the sensitivity of the cost of operation and power loss in the grid with respect to different system parameters. It is confirmed that the purchase price of electricity and the amount of photovoltaic panels were the most effective factors on the daily energy cost.İngilizceinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessMühendislik- Elektrik ve ElektronikMühendislik, Elektrik Ve ElektronikArticle