A review of earth contact heating/cooling systems and a comparison of ground source heat pumps and earth air heat exchangers

Abstract

Countries should reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency in alignment with the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal. The adoption of environmentally friendly and low-energy systems such as passive heating and cooling technologies can significantly contribute to achieving this goal. The study covers the examination of new technologies ready for commercialization economic developments to increase accessibility scale-up of production to reduce costs and notable case studies comparing ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems to solar building systems powered by earth-to-air heat exchangers (EAHE). © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.