Reflective thinking predicts lower conspiracy beliefs: A meta-analysis

Abstract

One of the many established predictors of conspiracy beliefs is reflective thinking but no meta-analysis so far has examined this relationship. In the current meta-analysis of published and unpublished correlational data (145 samples 181 effect sizes) we found a significant negative association between reflective thinking and conspiracy beliefs with a medium-level effect size (r = –.189). Similar levels of correlations were found across different types of measures (self-report vs. performance-based) and conspiracy beliefs (generic vs. specific). Further no evidence suggested publication bias in this body of work. Suggestions for future research are discussed. © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.